A Clear and Comprehensive Study in the Light of the Qur’an
by: Jawad Habib
Introduction
Islam is a complete way of life that provides guidance for every stage of human existence. From birth to upbringing and moral development, Islam carefully defines the rights and responsibilities of the mother, the father, and the child. One of the most sensitive and important stages of a child’s life is suckling, because during this period the physical, mental, and emotional foundations of the child are formed. The Holy Qur’an has laid down comprehensive and wise guidelines regarding this crucial stage, particularly in Surah al-Baqarah, verse 233.
Qur’anic Guidance
﴿وَالْوَالِدَاتُ يُرْضِعْنَ أَوْلَادَهُنَّ حَوْلَيْنِ كَامِلَيْنِ لِمَنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُتِمَّ الرَّضَاعَةَ ۚ وَعَلَى الْمَوْلُودِ لَهُ رِزْقُهُنَّ وَكِسْوَتُهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ لَا تُكَلَّفُ نَفْسٌ إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا ۚ لَا تُضَارَّ وَالِدَةٌ بِوَلَدِهَا وَلَا مَوْلُودٌ لَهُ بِوَلَدِهِ ۚ وَعَلَى الْوَارِثِ مِثْلُ ذَٰلِكَ ۗ فَإِنْ أَرَادَا فِصَالًا عَنْ تَرَاضٍ مِنْهُمَا وَتَشَاوُرٍ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا ۗ وَإِنْ أَرَدْتُمْ أَنْ تَسْتَرْضِعُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا سَلَّمْتُمْ مَا آتَيْتُمْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۗ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ﴾
Allah Almighty says:
“Mothers shall suckle their children for two complete years—for those who wish to complete the term of suckling.”
This verse clearly establishes that suckling is primarily the responsibility and right of the mother. Islam gives special importance to the mother’s natural role, emotional bond, and God-given ability to nourish the child during this early stage of life.
The Mother’s Right and the Child’s Welfare
Although legal guardianship of a child is generally assigned to the father, Islam gives priority to the mother in matters of suckling and early care. This is because a child’s physical growth, emotional security, and spiritual development are deeply connected to the mother’s milk and affection.
This ruling protects not only the welfare of the child but also honors and safeguards the natural emotions and dignity of motherhood.
Duration of Suckling: Balance and Flexibility
Islam does not impose suckling for two years as an absolute obligation. Rather, the Qur’an states that two complete years apply to those who wish to complete the term. This shows flexibility in Islamic law.
If the child’s health or circumstances require it, the duration may be shortened. According to Islamic traditions, the complete period of suckling is two years, while the minimum period is twenty-one months. However, the core principle of Shariah is ease and mercy, not hardship.
Financial Responsibility of the Father
The Qur’an further states:
“The father is responsible for the mothers’ provision and clothing according to what is customary.”
This command ensures that during the period of suckling—even in cases of divorce—the mother is financially supported so she can care for and suckle the child without anxiety or hardship.
The word “customary” emphasizes moderation: neither stinginess nor extravagance, but fairness according to social norms.
The Principle of Justice and Capacity
Islam also reminds us:
“No soul is burdened beyond its capacity.”
This highlights the justice and compassion of Islamic law. Responsibilities are assigned according to a person’s ability, ensuring balance and fairness in family life.
Protecting the Child from Parental Conflict
Islam strongly warns parents not to harm one another through the child:
“Neither mother nor father should be harmed because of the child.”
This principle protects the emotional and psychological well-being of the child and prevents parents from using the child as a tool in personal disputes. Islam places the child’s welfare above all personal conflicts.
Weaning and Mutual Consultation
If both parents mutually agree—after consultation—to wean the child earlier, Islamic law permits it, provided the child’s health and best interests are safeguarded. This reflects Islam’s emphasis on consultation, cooperation, and wisdom in family decisions.
Suckling by Another Woman
In situations where the mother is unable to suckle, Islam allows the child to be suckled by another woman. However, this is conditional upon fulfilling all rights fairly and according to accepted norms. This ruling demonstrates the practical and realistic nature of Islamic law.
Conclusion
The verse concludes with a powerful reminder:
“Fear Allah, and know that Allah is fully aware of what you do.”
This final warning instills a sense of responsibility, accountability, and God-consciousness in parents.
The Islamic laws of suckling clearly show how deeply Islam values the rights of children and mothers. Islam establishes a family system based on mercy, justice, balance, and compassion—protecting the weak and nurturing society from its very foundation.
Indeed, these teachings remain a timeless guide for strengthening families and reforming society in every age.